Short Story Essay Example

Short Story Essay Short Story Name: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Short Story specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Short Story specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Short Story specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Short Story Thomas Milan always woke up in the morning feeling fresh and tranquil. Each new day, Thomas always woke up surrounded by a bevy of beautiful women, one on either side, their arms draped across his magnificent chest as if never wanting to let the Adonis go. After all, which sane woman, could let the one and only son of the richest man in the world, Fabiano Monte Glazlo, leave without gaining something from him? A simple autograph on the skins of these women was enough to sweep them away into the land of celebrities that was usually conceptualized by the aspect of fame. Indeed, every person wants fame, even the beggar on the street who puts placards with the words, â€Å"Jesus is coming† scribbled in an unkempt and hasty manner on his frail body desires fame. Dwelling on the subject of fame, Milan was indeed popular. Stick with him and you would find yourself on the cover of The New York Times, Vogue and even The Source despite the magazine’s assertion that it only catered for African American talent. Standing at 6 feet, Milan was always the center of attraction in his parochial school. The girls adored him, the teachers praised him, but not for his academic excellence and the boys? They always hated him but Milan always told them in his heavy Italian accent, â€Å"Don’t hate the player, hate the game†. At the age of 22, Milan was living the life most youth dreamt of: fast cars, sexual escapades and wealth. Anything that Milan wanted, he always got it at the snap of his finger. Be it girls, friends, clothes: everything circled on the palm of his hand. The young Adonis always took advantage of women since he knew that girls would always stoop low whenever he asks them for a one-night stand. His father, while surrounded by a bevy of excellent foreign prostitutes, always berated him for bringing different girls to home each night warning him of the dreaded HIV virus. To Milan, living life on the edge was what God intended for people like him, people born with a silver spoon in their mouth. However, things were not going to be that same after Milan, in his usual sex jaunts, brought home a rather peculiar girl he had always had his eyes on for a while. One night with Mary Ashley would change Milan’s life for eternity. That night, the sky was covered by dark nimbus clouds that were ready to unleash a terror of stupefying rain, the thunder coupled with instantaneous lightning crackled with a mighty roar while the trees swayed violently from side to side as the leaves pulled out from their branches in protest as the wind carried them away from their branches. Milan and Mary hastily hopped out of the Aston Martin Glazlo had bought for him on his twentieth birthday and scoured hurriedly across the bronze brazen steps of the house. The minute they entered the majestic house reminiscent of an English castle, Milan called out for his father, but there was no response. â€Å"Nina.., Jaffrey, Sawyer!†, Milan’s tenor voice echoed in the house as he called out for his chaperones but they were not in the house. â€Å"It seems they have already left,† said Milan as he lustily gazed at Mary as she dried off her black gothic hair. Together, they hurried up the stairs taking off their clothes one by one while kissing. As soon as they entered Milan’s master bedroom, which was the size of a bungalow, Milan jumped on his bed, naked and jittery as a school kid about to be given candy, all sprawled out and ready to have a passionate night. Ashley smiled and then turned, closed the door under lock and key and advanced slowly towards Milan taking off her clothes one by one and as soon as she jumped on the bed, a knife dug into Milan’s chest. The element of surprise was upon the young man, he was motionless, his eyes popped out, it was as if he was not feeling the pain of the cold hard steel in his heart. â€Å"Why Ash, why?†, Milan slowly asked as he peered at the hand that wielded the blade. There was no mistaking it: it was Mary’s hand; sweet, funny and beautiful Mary’s hand. â€Å"Remember me lover boy? The girl you raped and dumped in a garbage bin!† Sweet and warm Mary was now Dark, twisted and furious Ashley. â€Å"B†¦But, I th†¦thought y..y..ou d..i..ed?† Milan retorted in difficulty as the blood hastily seeped out of his chest. â€Å"I knew you’d say that, but two years of plastic surgery surely did a lot!†, Ashley replied bearing a malevolent smile across a rosy and beautiful visage. â€Å"Karma did a number on you this time! You cannot go around messing with innocent people’s lives just because you have a little bit of money and expect everything to be jolly as usual. Payback!† Ashley screamed as she drove the blade further in Milan’s chest. â€Å"Bye handsome, greet the Devil for me!† Ashley said as she kissed him on the cheek and walked out of the white tiled room. Milan did not understand what had happened. What was more astonishing was the fact that he did not feel any pain. All of a sudden, cold icy water splattered across his face. â€Å"What in heaven’s name is wrong with you?! You were screaming at the top of your lungs!† his father said as he stepped out of his room. â€Å"Get dressed, we are late!† his father’s voice echoed as he descended the stairs. Milan was dumbfounded, a few minutes past; he had a knife stuck in his chest. Immediately he gazed at his chest only to find nothing like that. Sighing with relief, he woke up, said a prayer, which he never did, and woke up hurriedly ready to go to the annual school meeting. â€Å"It was just a dream, just a dream.† Milan thought as he went into the bathroom. Short Story Essay Example Short Story Essay Literature contains an interesting plot that should include a situation between two things, which is called conflict. Conflict is a very important element in literature. In Richard Connell’s â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† the main character goes through many conflicts to survive. In Richard Wright’s â€Å"The Rights to the Streets of Memphis† a boy named Richard is kicked out of his house to buy the groceries, but a gang tries to beat him up on the way. The boy has to build up his courage and face the gang. In both Richard Connell’s â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† and Richard Wright’s â€Å"The Rights to the Streets of Memphis†, there are important internal and external conflicts throughout the story that are being created as the characters try to survive. Being washed up on a mysterious island and getting hunted down by crazy man are some examples of conflict in â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game†. â€Å"Your brain against mine. Your woodcraft against mine. Your strength and stamina against mine† (Connell 74). This quote from the story shows the external conflict between Rainsford and General Zaroff. The General is challenging him to a battle to the death. â€Å"The cat was coming again to play with the mouse† (Connell 77). This shows how the General is like the predator hunting down its prey. Rainsford is trying his best to survive. â€Å"Only the devil himself could follow that complicated trail through the jungle after dark† (Connell 76). This quote is an example of the conflict that Rainsford is going through with the jungle. This is an example of man vs. nature. Rainsford is thinking that the jungle is very hard to navigate through, which is an obstacle. We will write a custom essay sample on Short Story specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Short Story specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Short Story specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The main conflict in this story is Rainsford trying to survive. Getting beat up can teach you a couple of lessons. In â€Å"The Rights to the Streets of Memphis† the main character goes through a few conflicts. The poor little boy named Richard gets kicked out of his house to buy the groceries, but a gang gets in his way. The boy’s mother states â€Å"Go on and don’t pay any attention to them† (Wright 121). The mother is trying to her son into a grown up. She wants him to stand up for himself. This shows the love she has for Richard. â€Å"If these boys bother you, then fight† (Wright 121). Richard’s mother has no other choice but to let him fight, otherwise he will act as a little boy for the rest of his life. This is an example of external conflict because Richard is going to fight the other kids. â€Å"Don’t you come into this house until you’ve gotten those groceries† (Wright 121). This is an example of internal conflict because Richard has a choice of either staying home and get beat by his mother, or to go fight the gang. Richard found that the best way is to fight the gang and stand up for himself. In both of these conflicts, Richard is trying to survive. Conflict is a very important literary element in both of these short stories. It is one of the many literary elements that play a major role in a story’s plot by creating a complication between two things. Both Rainsford and Richard had to choose whether they want to survive or not. Rainsford survives by fighting back. Richard also learns that he needs to fight back. In both Richard Connell’s â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† and Richard Wright’s â€Å"The Rights to the Streets of Memphis† conflict is a vital element that challenges the characters to survive.

A parents dilemma Essays

A parents dilemma Essays A parents dilemma Essay A parents dilemma Essay traveling to a nation that legally allowed PIG. The moral and ethical issues created by the procedure are many. Should a baby be procreated for the sole purpose of creating the stem cells that will save a previous chills life? Most parents in my opinion would agree that it is. The only thing required of the child is the umbilical cord stem cells,which usually are discarded after birth. No invasive surgery or transplant type procedures are needed. Even if the couple had no previous plans to have any more children the fact that they loved the first child so much that they would go to such great lengths to save it would suggest that they are exceptional parents. The criteria laid laid out by the Belgium authorities are strict, they give serious consideration before granting anyone permission. In fact, only 12 cases have been successful worldwide. Combine that with the fact that there are only enough stem cells to treat a certain size child takes many of the arguments against out of the equation. In fact it seems that the more facts about the procedure become known there seem to be no arguments left except for the moral ones. My personal viewpoint is that the Belgium model is a good one and should be expanded. This would eliminate the medical tourism that families are forced to go through when they are trying to save a family members life. Those who think that circumventing their native countries laws by traveling abroad should be a crime face the burden of convincing their government to enact laws imposing appropriate penalties. As with all moral and ethical issues there are two sides to everything and hopefully those who have the wisdom, compassion and common sense are the ones allowed to come up with the solution that best works.

Developing an Implementation Plan Research Paper

Developing an Implementation Plan - Research Paper Example Gaining Approval from Organizational Leaders So as to have a sound start to the problem analysis, the entire organization is to be working en masse aiming at elimination of the roots of the problem. Hence, for effectiveness of such a huge step, the Managing directors of the hospital are to be addressed through paper draft of the problem followed by detailed meetings that present the need to address this problem on humane level, and gaining their approval to make initiative for the change. Current Problem- A Comprehensive Insight A group of related concepts that are used to propose action that guide practice in any field including nursing is referred as a theory. A practical theory that can be applied in this concept is the Jean Watson’s Theory of Caring. This theory is based on four main concepts which are identification of human beings, health, environment /society and nursing (Daniels, 2004). According to this theory the main concern of nursing is the promotion of health, pr evention of illness, caring for the sick and restoration of health to the patients regardless of their status in the society. As such even inmates are entitled to such a treatment as envisaged in this theory. The rationale for choosing this theory is based on the order of needs by Watson into biophysical needs, psychophysical needs and psychosocial needs even among prisoners. According to Kim & Kollak (2006) the Watson’s theory of caring strives to depict, predict and explain nursing phenomenon based on relativity in providing appropriate care to patients. The foundations of nursing practice are provided by this theory through the recognition of the need rankings. This is in regard to the health care quality available for inmates while in incarceration. This shows the endeavour by the nurses to maintain professional borders and thereby enhance the quality and standards of health care to inmates. A good example is the requirement by the American Nurses Credentialing Centre (AN CC) for all nurse managers and leaders in facilities seeking accreditation have at the very least, a baccalaureate degree (ACCN, 2013). Endorsement of good health among prisoner population as for the general population is the prime objective of nursing. Perry J, et al., reported that prisoners have greater health needs owing to higher incidence of chronic disease. Generally, a prisoner possesses a vulnerable mindset due to myriad possible reasons such as unemployment, family disputes and abuse (physical, mental or sexual). The Offender Health and Social Care Strategy (DH2009a) set standards for offender health care stating that prisoners along with their families shall receive effective care and treatment equivalent to the general public. (Powell et al., 2010) comprehensively reviewed the dilemma of the prisoners from the eyes of the nursing staff. Various aspects were discussed and conclusions drawn from the results of the survey are that that a stable association between healthcar e managers and local National Health Service is required. The infrastructure of prisons and their security measures need strong collaboration with health care unit. (Powell, 2010) On the other hand, the education of the nurses has a very high impact on patient health and safety and is a major determining factor of nurse’s attitudes and actions. (Altmann et al., 2012) recently surveyed on the aforementioned line and found that nurse’

Consumer Research on Ethical Consumption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Consumer Research on Ethical Consumption - Essay Example General assumption on relationship between attitudes and behavior is the consistency. This is known as principle of consistency which means expectation on consistency of one’s behavior with the attitudes hold by them. Furthermore it means people are rational and try to behave rationally at every time. Though this principle is through, it is clear that consumers do not always follow that. Sometimes it is able to experience irrational behavior. For an instance, majority of consumers are smoking cigarettes while knowing this consumption causes heart diseases and lung cancers. Literature relevant to theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior are significant theories that discussed this attitude-behavior relationship in-depth manner. Attitude is defined as a permanent, general evaluation regarding people or person, objects, issues or advertisements (Soloman et.al, 2010). Difficulty of changing and nature of evaluating something are discussed as the characteristics of attitude according to above definition. Relationship between attitude and behavior is presented by Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) based on theory of reasoned action. As theorized by Gordon W. Allport in 1935, there is a multidimensional relationship in between attitude and behavior but not one-dimensional relationship. It means attitude is a complex system that consists with individual’s belief regarding the object, feeling on the object and action tendencies towards the object.

Scooter sales in Vietnam Essay Example for Free

Scooter sales in Vietnam Essay Hom kia ong th? y em g? i cho em 1 cai article kha hay v? th? tru? ng xe 2B VN kha hay, m? i cac bac xem. EM xin l? i vi no la ti? ng Anh nhung vi? t cung kha d? hi? u . Qua bai bao nay em gi? t minh khi bi? t con s? ban ra c? a xe AB hon 120K , kh? ng thi? t . Va cac bac th? ng? m Hon Da VN da moc tui bao nhieu ti? n c? a dan minh [pic] Em xin phep VietNamNet Bridge – Two years ago the Vietnamese media was driven into a frenzy when Hollywood stars Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie came to visit Vietnam for the first time. The image of the couple in casual clothes riding a black Yamaha Nouvo scooter in downtown HCMC was widely seen in newspapers and magazines. Scooter riders seen in downtown HCMC. Vietnamese consumers have an increasing preference for scooters. This actually gave free publicity to Yamaha. Sales of the Yamha Nouvo scooter have rocketed in Vietnam as this scooter has become a fashion for not only women but also men. Yamahas good business has led to other motorcycle makers to enter the market or boost scooter production to capitalize on the growing demand. The race starts. Italys Piaggio, the worlds fourth largest scooter and motorcycle manufacturer, started construction of its first factory in Vietnam. Honda and Yamaha from Japan will open their second Vietnam factories soon. Honda Vietnam, the largest motorcycle manufacturer in Vietnam, has shifted focus to scooters for men. It started a campaign to enter the market six months after the trip of Vietnam by Mr. and Mrs. Smith. It launched the Air Blade scooter designed with a sporty fashion. As a favorite motorcycle brand, Honda caused an instant fever on the market after launching this scooter. When placing an order for an Air Blade at a Honda authorized exclusive dealer in HCMC, customers will get a shake of the head. The dealers are flooded with a lot of orders. A Honda dealer on Nguyen Trai Street in District 1 says it still has more than 600 orders to fulfill. But those really wishing to own an Air Blade scooter can go to plenty of private retailers in the city, but the price is usually VND8-10 million higher than Hondas list price. Despite the strong demand, the company says it is unable to scale up production as its factory in the northern province of Vinh Phuc is running at full capacity. As an adaptive measure, Honda has increased shifts to fulfill the mounting orders. Koji Onishi, general director of Honda Vietnam, says that by end-April this year, more than 120,000 Air Blade units had been sold, becoming the best-seller of the scooter category on the local market. Not to miss the race, Yamaha introduced the new Yamaha Nouvo Elegance scooter that comes with an engine of 135cc in late April, which is higher than those of the previous scooter versions. With a list price of VND29. 2 million, including VAT, the new Nouvo scooter is going like hot cakes. Just around 10 days after the new Nouvo version came out, Honda announced the launch of two new Air Blade versions with a sportier and more fashionable design. They retail for VND28. 5 million (VAT included) and come with three colors dark blue, white and red. In addition to the new Air Blade, a sporty Air Blade Repsol version with the color of Repsol Honda racing team in MotoGP World Championship has been introduced this time at VND29. 5 million. The market is so lucrative that another Japanese motorcycle maker, Suzuki Vietnam Corp. , has also forayed into the scooter market, with the launch of  the Hayate priced between VND21. 8 million and VND22. 8 million. The 125cc Hayate has a sporty design and targets male motorcyclists and is expected to strongly compete with Hondas Air Blade and Yamahas Nouvo. The Suzuki prices are lower VND7-8 million than the other two brands, so the Hayate has a competitive advantage in pricing. The competition in design Vietnam Manufacturing and Export Processing Co. (VMEP), Sanyangs motorbike maker in Vietnam, was the first to make scooters in Vietnam with the SYM brand. Taiwans SYM is one of the successful stories. The company launched the Attila scooter in 1997, which has since gained increasing popularity among young people. SYM leaders say that the introduction of the Attila has paved the way for the company to gain a competitive edge over cheap Chinese motorcycles, which overwhelmed the local market in the late 1990s and early 2000s, as well as others. The Attila was then the best-selling locally assembled scooter model. Imported scooters like Dylan,@ and Spacy of Honda, Majesty of Yamaha, and Epicuro and Aventis of Suzuki are prohibitively expensive but the compact and fashionable design and moderate price have made the Attila more competitive. The Attila retails for about VND30 million, around one- and two-thirds of imports. Buoyed by SYMs success, other foreign companies including Yamaha, Suzuki, Honda from Japan later jumped into the market. Experts formerly showed concern that SYM would find it hard to maintain its dominance on the scooter market since more Japanese producers were aggressively increasing investment in scooter innovation and design to gain a slice of the pie. But brands like Honda Click, Yamaha Mio Classical and Suzuki Amity seem to be not the archrivals of the Attila which is particularly popular among urban females. SYMs Attila Elizabeth version has become a favorite among young women thanks to its fashionable, elegant and compact design. The demand for the Attila Elizabeth has outpaced SYMs supply, leading to its price outside the company dealers increasing by VND2-3 million per unit. The good outlook The growth prospects of the market are good as young consumers in cities have an increasing preference for scooters. Many motorcycle assemblers have switched to scooter production to capitalize on this market trend and have been expanding production to meet local demand. Taiwans biggest bike maker Kwang Yang Motor Co. Ltd. (KYMCO) is an example. It has become the majority owner of Hoa Lam Kymco Motors Corp. after acquiring a 60% stake from its local partner. Hoa Lam Automobile-Motorcycle Joint-Stock Co. transferred its 60% stake in this joint venture to the Taiwanese company, thus reducing its holding to 30% from the previous 40%. KYMCOs stake in the venture, meanwhile, is up to 90%. Nguyen Tien Sy, deputy general director of Hoa Lam Kymco Motors Corp. , says that the authorities have endorsed the stake transfer between the two partners. The acquisition, whose value is not disclosed, is part of the Taiwanese companys plan to deepen its investment in Vietnam. KYMCO will develop a new factory in HCMCs District 2 besides the joint venture factory that is mainly assembling motorcycles in Binh Chanh District. The new factory in Cat Lai Industrial Park will produce motorcycle parts for local sale and export to ASEAN markets, Sy says. KYMCO will move its production lines from a factory in Taiwan next month to the new factory, which will mainly manufacture scooters. KYMCO attributes its increased investment in Vietnam to the strong demand for motorcycles. This firm forecast the domestic scooter market will continue expanding in the next five to 10 years. KYMCO entered Vietnam in late 2004 by buying a 30% stake in the bike manufacturing plant, which was wholly owned by Vietnams Hoa Lam Automobile-Motorcycle Joint-Stock Co. The value of the factory then was set at US$15 million. The brand name KYMCO, however, is not popular in Vietnam, but the Taiwanese company has reaped success elsewhere, exporting products to 81 countries worldwide, including Europe. KYMCO has set up nine motorcycle factories in Asia. The two market leaders, Honda and Yamaha, also started work on their second factories in northern Vietnam last year. Hondas new factory worth US$65million will mainly produce scooters. The plant, which is located next to the first one in Vinh Phuc Province, is part of Hondas expansion plan after its success over the past 13 years. The new 28-hectare plant is scheduled for mass production in the third quarter of this year, with initial annual production capacity of 500,000 units, says Koji Onishi, general director of Honda Vietnam. Together with the existing plants annual capacity of one million units, this plant will help meet the increasing demand of Vietnamese customers, he says, adding state-of-the-art technology would be applied to ensure high quality. The most modern and latest technology of Honda will be applied to this new plant that may produce the perfect quality products for Vietnamese customers, he says. The income level is increasing and the infrastructure is developed. Thus, the demand for scooters becomes higher and higher. In addition, its easy operation and modern design can sharpen customers personality. Thanks to the growth of the Vietnamese economy, we realize that young people especially in big cities prefer the scooters, says Yasuhiro Imazato, director of Honda Vietnam brand in HCMC. Meanwhile, Piaggio, the worlds fourth largest scooter and motorcycle manufacturer, is building its first factory in northern Vietnam. The company will spend US$45 million on the factory which covers eight hectares in Binh Xuyen Industrial Park in Vinh Phuc Province, and will be commissioned in mid-2009, with an initial annual output capacity of 50,000 units for local sale and export. The project is part of Piaggios broader three-year plan to expand its operations in Asia by setting up shop in Vietnam and India, Piaggio chief executive Roberto Colaninno. He says the companys products are already available in Vietnam, but it still wants a factory plus a sales network in the country. Piaggio brand is generally targeted at high-end customers. The Italian firm has five local companies as distributors Sapa Trade Co. , Xuan Cau Co. , Viet Nhat Motor Co. , Y Viet Motor Co and International Friendship Co. However, Piaggios investment in Vietnam is still smaller than Japanese and Taiwan motorbike producers. Taiwans Sanyang Industry, which is known for SYM brand, looks to Vietnam as one of its major motorbike production hubs in Asia and its biggest investment markets. Under a motorcycle industry development plan recently approved by the Ministry of Industry and Trade, Vietnam will become a major Asian center for motorcycle design and production. The plan envisages local motorcycle demand reaching 2-2. 2million units a year. By 2015, there will have been some 31 million motorcycles in use nationwide and some 33 million by 2020, compared to the current 20 million, according to the plan. An additional 1. 8 million motorbikes will hit the road a year. (Source: SGT).

The Tragedy of Leila in Bone Essays -- Bone Essays

The Tragedy of Leila in Bone      Ã‚  Ã‚   How much responsibility should any child have over their family? In "Bone," by Fae Myenne Ng, a character named Leila is born the daughter of a loving mother, Mah, and a run-out-on-the-family father whom cursed Leila with a last name Fu. As Leila said herself, "Fu in our dialect sounds like the word for bitter" (18). She became the oldest with two other sisters, Ona and Nina, whom both came from Mah's second husband, Leon. Leon loves his biological daughters like a true father should; meanwhile, Leon also loves Leila, his daughter only by marriage to Mah. Leon expresses how much he loves his daughters by saying "Five sons don't make one good daughter" (3), causing a scene in front of people who think that he is unlucky for not being blessed with a single son.    At a very young age Leila was forced to be the sister-in-charge and make decisions that a young girl twice her age would not normally be expected to produce. Mah began working as a seamstress before the girls would wake up, and continue working until after they would fall asle...

Brucellosis

Brucellosis, commonly known as Bangs disease, comes from the genus Brucella. Brucella is a highly contagious zoonosis contracted by the ingestion of unsterilized milk or meat products that are infected. It can also be contracted by the close contact with the animal secretions. Human to human transmission is rare but yet still possible by means of sexual contact or mother to child. Brucella is a small, gram-negative microbe that is non-motile and has non-spore forming rods. It functions as a facultative intercellular parasite that causes chronic disease and will usually persists for life.Human symptoms are recognized by profuse sweating and muscle and joint pain. Brucellosis has been recognized in animals and humans since the 19th century. Brucellosis, when first discovered, went by the name of Malta fever. It first came to the attention of British medical officers in Malta during the Crimean war in the mid 1850’s. The relationship between organisms and the disease was first es tablished in 1887 by Dr David Bruce. In 1897, Danish veterinarian Bernhard Bang isolated Brucella abortus as the agent â€Å"Bangs disease†.Maltese doctor and archeologist Sir Themistocles Zammit earned his knighthood for recognizing unpasteurized milk as the major source of the pathogen in 1905. The species of the Brucella, Brucella abortus, is the main cause of brucellosis in cattle and bison. The bacteria are shed from an animal around the time of calving or pregnancy. Once exposed, the likelihood the animal becoming infected is variable depending on age, pregnancy status, and the amount of bacteria the animal was exposed to. The most common signs in animals are incidences of abortion, arthritic joints, and retained afterbirth.There are primarily two main causes of abortion in animals. One is due to the build up of erythritol which promotes infections in the fetus and the placenta. The second is due to lack of anti-brucella activity in the amniotic fluid during pregnancy. Males can harbor the bacteria in reproductive tracts like the testicles, epididymides, and seminal vesicles. Dairy herds in the US are tested at least once a year with a Brucella milk ring test (BRT). Cows that are found to be infected are often killed and disposed of. US veterinarians are required to vaccinate calves, thereby reducing the chance of zoonotic transmission.This is referred to as a â€Å"calfhood† vaccination. Most cattle will receive a tattoo in the ear after receiving the vaccination. Canada declared their entire cattle herd brucellosis free on September 19th, 1985. Ring tested ended shortly after in April of 1999 but monitoring still continues in auction markets. The first US state-federal cooperative efforts toward eradication of brucellosis were put into effect in 1934. Brucellosis has infected Ireland for decades. Farmers and veterinarians were bothered by the disease from the interaction with the livestock.Ireland was declared free of the disease on July 1, 2009. Brendan Smith, Minister of Irelands agriculture, fisheries and food, quoted that the elimination of the disease from the country was â€Å"a landmark in the history of disease eradication in Ireland† Outbreaks of Brucella abortus and BSE in cattle, Cork RVL, 1990-2003. Along with livestock, dogs can also be infected by the genus Brucella. The species that affects dogs is Brucella canis. The disease is transmitted to other dogs though breeding and contact with aborted fetuses.The bacteria can harbor in the dogs genitals and lymphatic system and may also spread to the eyes, kidneys, and intervertebral discs. Systems in dogs consist of abortions in females and males show signs of scrotal inflammation and orchitis (inflammation of the testicles. One of the last remaining controversial hot spots for brucellosis is Yellowstone National Park in Montana and Wyoming. The bison and elk that roam free in and around Yellowstone are said to be the last remaining reservoirs for br ucellosis. A recent transmission from elk into cattle was recently reported in Idaho and Wyoming.Cattle, elk, and bison keep a fairly spacious distance from each other let alone interbreed with each other. So how did the disease spread in between the three different species? Yellowstone biologists observed that the disease was being spread by sharing the same foliage in a given area. An infected ungulate would come by, forage on the grasses and shrubs, and leave behind a layer of saliva and mucous on the uneaten plants. The next animal would come by and feed on the same grasses and shrubs and contract the disease through close contact.Although the disease would be ingested, the biologists believe that the disease what not acquired through the GI tract linings. Instead they believe the disease is absorbed into the body through the epithelial layers of the inner nasal canal and nasopharynx. With the animals nostrils being close to the plants while eating, it would be easy for the anim al to inhale some of the existing mucous from the other animals into their own nasal canal. The current controversy about the brucellosis spread is issue with the bison and elk from the Yellowstone herds possibly infecting the surrounding areas cattle herds.Ranchers pay up-words of 13 to 15 dollars per cow, twice a year to vaccinate for the brucellosis disease. They are required to vaccinate their entire herd before the herd goes to summer pasture and after they return. Some ranchers pay up to $20,000 every year for the brucellosis vaccines alone. This being said, the controversy isn’t the pay out for the vaccines every year, but because of the issue with the conservation of the bison and elk herds. The herds are usually situated on public lands and therefore are managed by the state and federal governments through hunting.This management is believed by some to not be effective enough to eliminate the chance of brucellosis transmission within herds. Along with cattle and othe r livestock being infected, there comes the possibility of transmission from the livestock to humans. The infection in humans is usually caused by the consumption of unpasteurized milk and cheeses that are made from the milk of and infected animal. Cattle are the biggest concern being the main source of meat and dairy products, but other livestock can also pass the disease. One particular are goats.Goats are commonly infected with the species Brucella melitensis. This disease is also passed by the consumption of the meats, milk, and cheeses consumed from this animal. Occupational exposure is a risk to lab workers, veterinarians, stockyard employees, and slaughterhouse workers. Some of the vaccines used for the livestock may also cause the disease in humans if accidentally injected. Once infected with the disease, it can induce inconstant fevers, profuse sweating, weakness, anemia, headaches, depression, and muscular, joint, and bodily pain.The duration of the disease can vary from a single week up to months and in some cases, years. The first stage is when septicemia occurs; this is followed by a triad of fevers, sweating, and migratory arthralgia and myalgia. If the disease goes untreated it may cause focalizations and become chronic. The focalization of the disease regularly occurs in the bones and joints and spondylodiscitis of the lumbar spine may occur. References: McLean DR, Russell N, Khan MY (October 1992). â€Å"Neurobrucellosis: clinical and therapeutic features†.Clin. Infect. Dis. (4): 582–90 Radostits, O. M. , C. C. Gay, D. C. Blood, and K. W. Hinchcliff. 2000. Veterinary Medicine, A textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats and Horses. Harcourt Publishers Limited, London, pp. 867–882. Wilkinson, Lise (1993). â€Å"†Brucellosis†Ã¢â‚¬ . in Kiple, Kenneth F. (ed. ). The Cambridge World History of Human Disease. Hamilton AV, Hardy AV (March 1950). â€Å"The brucella ring test; its potential value in the control of brucellosis† (PDF). Am J Public Health Nations Health (3): 321–3. Woods, Lt Col Jon B. ed. ) (April 2005) (PDF). USAMRIID’s Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook (6th ed. ). Fort Detrick, Maryland: U. S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases. p. 53 Ettinger, Stephen J. ; Feldman, Edward C. (1995). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine (4th ed. ). W. B. Saunders Company Brucellosis (Brucella abortus) AKA: Bangs Disease Cody Richardson Department of Biology Montana Tech of the University of Montana Date: 4/24/2010 Cody Richardson Montana Tech Butte, MT (406) 461-2544 [email  protected] edu